Method of water purification.



w. T. ALLIGBR, J. w. GAMBLE & G. HFGIBSON.

METHOD OF WATER PURIFICATION. APPLICATION FILED JULY 15, 1911.

Patented NOV. 18, 1913.

I I I l l I I I l l I I l I l l J W. T. ALLIGBR, J. W. GAMBLE & G. H GIBSON;

METHOD OF WATER PURIFICATION.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 15, 1911.

2 SHEETS-BHEIIT 2. HQ. 4

Patented Nov. 18, 1913.

WITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

, WILLIAM T. ALLIGER AND JOSEPH W. GAMBLE, OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA AND GEORGE H. GIBSON, OF MONTCLAIR, NEW JERSEY, ASSIGNORS TO JOSEPH S. LOVEBING WHARTON, WILLIAM S. HALLOWELL, AND JOHN C. JONES, ALL OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, AS FIRM OF HARRISON SAIE'IY BOILER WORKS,

OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.

METHOD WATER PURIFICATION.

Application filed July 15, 191-1. Serial mlesaerz.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that we, WILLIAM '1. ALLIGER and JOSEPH VV. GAMBLE, of the city and county of Philadelphia, inthe State of Pennsylvania, and GEORGE H. GIBSON, or Montclair, Essex county, New Jersey, all citizens of the United States of America, have invented' certain new and useful Improvements in Methods of Water Purification, of which the following is a true and exact description, reference being bad to the accompanying drawings, which form a part thereof.

Our present invention consists in an improved method of water purification particularly adapted for heating water and eliminating temporary and permanent hardness constituents therefrom to fit the water for boiler feedand other industrial purposes.

The primary purpose of the invention is to provide a practical improvement in'that method of water purification in commercial use on an extensive scale in which the water i to be treated is passed through an open feed water heater in which it is heated by the direct action of steam supplied to the heater and a chemical reagent o-r reagents is added to the water as itenters the heater or prior to its admission thereto. The purpose and eflect of this treatment isthe production of ,hot water'from which objectionable impuri ties have been precipitated or partly precipitated and partly converted into compounds which remain in solution in the water treated and are less objectionable than the original impurities.

The above described method of water purification, which is known as afhot process as we have already indi'cated,-is in cgmm'ercialuse on an extensive scale and has given generally satisfactory results except as hereinafter noted. The waters treated in accordance withthis process difier greatly in the character and'amount of impurities contained by them. These impurities will vary from: a very'few grains-or so to 125 grains er gallon, but the average water contains rom 15 to 25' grains per gallon of impuritiesin the form of soluble salts.- ..In nearly allcases these salts consist of a mixture of all' orsome of the following substances:

silica, oxids of iron and aluminum, carbon Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Nov. 18,1913,

ates, sulfates and chlorids of calcium and magnesium and carbonates-and chlorids of sodium and potassium, present either as stated, or disassociated, or in combination other elements. In many cases the pr ncipal impurities in the water which re' qmre elimination or conversion are the carbonates of calcium and magnesium which give the water temporary hardness,- and the sulfates of calcium and magnesium which give permanent hardness to the water. The chemical reagents ordinarily added to the water in its purification by the hot process are soda ash (Na CO tri-sodium phosphate (Na PO,,), barium hydrate (B'a(OH) so-' dium hydroxid- (NAOH), although other reagents and various mixtures of reagents are employed. The kind of reagent or mixture of reagents best fitted for treating a given water in a given place depend in part upon the character of the impurities in the water andinpart on the availability and cost of the reagents. In practice, the reagent most generally available and most commonly em plo ed is soda ash. When water containing car onates and su-lrates of calcium and magnesium is treated with sodaash and heated:

under proper conditions, the calcium and magnesium contents or the water are nearly all precipitated as monocarbonates' of calcium and magnesium with the production of sodium sulfate which remains" in solution; Sodium sulfate, unless present in. excessive amounts, is not particularly objectionable in water for most-industrial purposes, and in particulardoes not yieldobjectionable boiler incrustations.

In treating water containing carbonates of calcium and magnesium, and other impurities suchas the sulfates of calcium and I magnesium, by the hot process as heretofore practised, certain practical defects in the process have been experienced, of which the following are the most important: (1.) In 'order'to' effect a conversion of the sulfates, or other non-carbonate impurities, within the heater, substantially more soda ash or other reagent has been found necessary in 1 practice than is theoretically required to effeet; the reactions. (2.) The precipitation of'the carbonates ofcalci'um and magnesium;

in the heater has been unduly slow.

Thetest solution ordinarily used to determine when suflicient reagent has been added to convert the sulfates does not give its proper indication and the operator is Without a satisfactory guide as to the proper amount of sod-aa'sh or other reagent to feed into the water. (4.). The .excess of reagent material ordinarily fed into thewater un der these conditions is in itself objectionable, in addition to the waste involved. For instance, when soda ash is the reagent, its use in excess conduces tofoaming in the boiler and results in the corrosion of brass fittings, the destruction of rubber gaskets and similar troubles.

V The" specific object of the present invention is to overcome the objections to the hot process system of water purification referred to above, and, this we accomplish by thoroughly eliminating all free and nearly all half bound carbon dioxid from the water, prior to the addition of the soda ash or other chemical reagent or reagents employed to efle'ct the precipitation or conversion of the non-carbonate impurities in the water. This elimination we effect by heating thewater and agitating it to break up the'bicarbonates and liberate the half bound carbon dioxid which with, the free carbon dioxid is driven out of the water in. the gaseous form, opportunityv being provided for the free escape of the carbon dioxid thus driven out of the water. Preferably in most cases, thou h this is not absolutely essential,

we effect t e removal ofthe free and half bound carbon dioxid in the same heater in which the chemical reagent is added and in which the precipitation of impurities occurs, although in many cases we find it desirable to provide a heater with separate compartments in" which diflerent steps of the process are carried on. The heating of the water and its agitation to effect the removal of the free and half bound carbon dioxid exists in water in the free state as carbonicacid (H 00 half bound as bicarbonatesfordinarily of calcium and magnesium Ca (HCO and Mg(HCO and,- third, as the normal carbonates chiefly in this form, as carbonate of soda (Na ,GO

The normal carbonates of calcium and magnesium are not found 1n natural watersexcept in relatively small amounts owing to then low solubility; Any carbonate ordioxid may be effected by injecting eitherlive narily found in natural water is inevitably in the form of the bicarbonate if the water contains carbon dioxid in excess of that nec= essary to form the normal carbonate, and

conversely, free carbon dioxid is not found in water except when the carbonates in solu-, tion therein are all in the form of bicarbonateh When soda ash is added to water containing bicarbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium and the water is then heated as in the ordinary hot process'as heretofore practised the soda ash is converted in whole or in part from sodium carbonate into sodium bicarbonate. This action is more pronounced when-the water contains free carbon dioxid than when the latter is absent, but sodium bicarbonate is a more stable compound than the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium and, when the water is heated a part, at least, of the carbon dioxid liberated from the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium combines with the sodium carbonate in the water to form sodium bicarbonate. Substantially more heating and agitation of the Water is required to drive ofi' the half bound carbon dioxid from sodium bicarbonate than is required to break up the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. Bicarbonate of sodium, moreover, is substantially less eflective than the normal carbonate of sodium for converting the sulfates of calcium and magnesium into the carbonates of calcium and magnesium.

' The presence of the free and half bound carbon dioxid in'the water treated by the hot process method as heretofore practised is similarly objectionable when the chemical reagent employed is not soda ash but consists of or contains sodium hydroxid, trisodium phosphate, or barium hydroxid. When sodium hydroxid is usedthe first action is the conversion of sodium hydroxid into sodium normal carbonate and then the sodium normal carbonate is further converted into sodium bicarbonate. In the case of tri-sodium phosphate, the presence of the free or half bound carbon dioxid hinders the precipitation of the calcium andmagnesium salts which would otherwise come down as normal phosphates. In the case 1 I of barium hydroxid the free and half bound carbon dioxid converts the hydrate into barium carbonate which is insoluble with the result that" the barium carbonate which is a very heavy salt settles out so quickly that the largest percentage of its reactive power is destroyed since itdoes not comeinto contact with the greater portion of the water.

; The indicator ordinarily employed inpractice to determine the amount of reagent to be'added to effect the conversion of the sulfates is a' solution in alcohol of the organic salt 'known as phenol-phthalein.

When a drop or two oi this solution is added towater, which contains any free .car-. bon dioxidf; or bicarbonate without the presence of normal carbonates of an alkali no color is obtained. However, if a normal carbonate of any alkali orany hydroxid is contained in the water a pink color is ob,- tained varying in degree of color to the amount of normal; alkali carbonate or any hydroxid which is present. This shows that the water has an alkaline reaction. Other salts, as calciumsultate, sodium sul fate and sodium chlorid are preferably neutral to the action of phenol-phthalein and will neither cause discoloration nor coloration of the test solution.

In treating water having calcium and magnesium sulfates in solution and to which a reagent such as soda ash has been added, the test solution is relied: upon to show the presence of sodium, carbonate. When the sodium carbonate has been. added in quantity suflicient to, andv has effected a conversion of the sulfates into carbonates under such conditions' that sodium carbonate remains in solution after the conversion of the sulfates is effected, a color is immediately obtained in the test solution. When the water contains bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium with or without free carbon dioxid in solution no color will be obtained from the test solution until soda ash. has been added in an amount in excess of that required to establish an equilibrium in the solution between the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium and sodium, and this equilibrium will usually not be obtained until soda ashv hasbeen added; very substantially in excess of; the desirable amount which is the amount just sufficient to effect a con version of the non-carbonate; impurities in the water.

By thoroughly eliminating; all free and half bound. carbon dioxid; by preliminarily boiling andv agitating the water in accord.- ance with the. present invention, we effect a substantially better purification of water containing temporary and. permanent hardness giving impurities than has been obtainable by the hot process of water purification as heretofore. practised. We accomplish. this, moreover, with the use of less' soda ash or other reagent and with lessprolonged maintenance of the water in a settling chamber than has heretofore been required. to obtain results. at allsatisfactor and we make it possible. to satisfactori y employ the most desirable test solution or indicator, phenol-phthalien, for determ ning the amount, of reagent required. Furthermore, the process may be carried out with apparatus of the same type as. that'heretofore employed for purifying and. preheating water for boiler feed,- and, other industrial purposes. In general theonly changein the.

{apparatus required is the provision of the means of injecting steam into the heater below the water level or an increase in the extent oi the tray area over which the water flows while being heated or changes in both respects. As before stated, however, we preter, in many cases to employ an open feed water heater having separate preliminary heating. and settling. chambers.

For a better understanding of the invention reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter, in which we have illustrated and described various forms of; apparatus suitable tor carrying 011tthe invention, though, as

' we have already indicated, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to use by the aid of any special form of apparatus.

()f' the drawings: Figure 1 is an elevation in section illustrating one form of apparatus which may be employed in carryingout our invention, and Figs. 2, 3., l and 5. are diagrammatic representations each showing a different form of apparatus which may be used in carrying out our invention.

In the drawings, and referring first to the construction shown in Fig. 1, A represents the. shell of an open feed water heater. This, shellis divided into an upper main, compartment A and a lower main compartment- A by a partition B. A filter compartment A is formed in the main compart ment A by the perforated bottom wall B and; the vertical partition wall 13. A water distribution box G and a set of inclined trays F over which. the water discharged from the distribution box flows in film like and broken streams are provided in the.

compartment A. A similardistribution box G and set of trays F are provided in thezupperend of, the compartment A H represents the raw water supply pipe which discharges into the distribution box (is ".Eheflow of water to the heater through thepipe is controlled by a valve H which is automatically actuated to prevent the water level; in, the compartment A from rising aboizesome predetermined level at or somewhat. below the bottom tray F, by a suitable float mechanism. As shown, the valve H is connected to the float located in the float chamber. 1 into .which, Water flows from the chamber A. and from which water flows through the pipe J to the distribution box G in chamber A The flow through the pipe J iscontrolled by a valve J operated y a float I responsive. to the waterlevel in the compartment A 7 Steam for heati thewater supplied to the compartmentsA and A passes lnto these compartments. from. the supply pipe C.

thronsigh branches C and C each connected to. the corresponding. heater compartment through an oil separator Dj pf, usual form.

The oil collecting in the lower ends of the separator D passes through the pipe connections D to a box E, which serves also as an overflow box into which water flows from the compartment A when the water level in that compartment rises to the top of the overflow channel E opening to the overflow box E. The discharge from the box E through the discharge port- E may be .controlled by a valve '(notshown) and a float E for operating it as is usual in this type of apparatus. The steam supplied to the heater through the pipe C may be live steam, but in practice is ordinarily exhaust steam from steam engines. In addition to the steam supplied to the heater from the pipe C a perforated pipe M is employed for injectlng live steam or exhaust steam into the compartment A below the water level therein in order to further heat and agitate the water collected in the lower end of the compartment A from the trays F. The chemical purifying agent for precipitating the non-carbonate impurities is introduced into the water distribution box G through the supply pipe N. The purified and heated water is withdrawn from the heater through the pipe K which leads from the filter chamber A and bypass L about the filter bed mounted on the partition B is provided to insure a SllfllClGDt supply of water to the inlet end of the pipe K even though the filter bed may become so clogged up as to prevent a sufficient flow through it. The carbon dioxid air and other gases liberated from the water treated as well as exc ss steam escapes through the vent pipe 0 which may contain a loaded escape valve as usual, set to maintain a steam pressure of afew ounces or pounds in the compartment A.

The apparatus shown in Fig. 2 differs from that of Fig. 1 principally in the manner in which the water is passed from the compartment A to the compartment A of the heater and the manner in which steam is supplied to the compartment A In Fig. -2, the bafiie B separating the compartment A and A is formed with open ended hollow bosses B projecting from its upper side thus limiting the water level in the compartment A approximately to the level of the tops of the bosses BF. To restrict fluctuations in the discharge from the compartment A to the compartment A through the bosses A these are surrounded by inverted cap like members B perforated at the top so that steam may pass from the compartment A into the compartment A In Fig. 2 there are no provisions for passing steam in the compartment A except as it enters that compartment from the compartment A. In Fig. 2 no water is passed directly to the distribution box G which in this construction serves merely as a dist-ributer for the purifying reagent.

The apparatus shown in Fig. 3 is essentially the same in its general construction and mode of operation as the apparatus in Fig. 2, except as to the location of the distribution box G and the trays F. In Fig. 3, the ballie B corresponding generally to the baffles B and B of Figs. 1 and 2, is formed with upstanding portions-B between which are located the trays F. The portions B trays F and distribution box G are inclosed by an inverted trough-shaped member B formed with a steam passage 13 in its upper portion. In Fig. 3 we have shown a plurality of pipes M for injecting steam into the water in the compartment A below the water level therein. It will be understood that in all of the forms of apparatus disclosed the number of these pipes used and their location will vary with the conditions of use and character of apparatus employed.

The construction shown in Fig. t differs from that shown in Fig. 2 in the fact that the chemical supply pipe N is located in the compartment A below the water level therein and in the omission of the trays F a and the distribution box G from the compartment A To insure a steady discharge from the pipe N when arranged within the compartment A we prefer to cover it with a trough like hood N as shown.

I11 the construction shown in Fig. 5 steam may circulate freely in all portions of the heater above the Water level therein. In this form of apparatus the water discharged from the trays F is collected by a trough like structure 13 located between the trays and provided with a central discharge passage B and the pipe N feeds the chemical into the water in the receptacle I3 adjacent its discharge opening. In this form of our invention also the steam injected into the water below the water level for the purpose of mechanically agitating as well as heating the body of water is supplied from the steam supply pipe C which supplies steam to the heater above the water level. To accomplish this we employ a pipe M and valve M to connect the perforated pipe M located below the water level to the port D opening from the separator D at the outlet side of the oil catching baflie D and we provide a loaded valve P controlling the port D" opening directly from the oil separator into the steam space of the heater. This valve P, as shown, is a flap valve pl"0t(l at I and provided with anadjustable loading device in the form of a weight I carried by the arm I. of the valve. The function of the valve P is to throttle the admission of steam into the heater through the port D" sutiiciently to maintain a pressure in the separator such that the proper quantity of steam will be discharged into the heater through the pipe Iv notwithstanding the head of water opposing this discharge. The valve P may be locked in the open or closed position by means of the yoke P and the external nut P.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art thatthe apparatus disclosed embodies the characteristic features of the well known open feed water heater but difiers from the type of the open feed water heater in commen use in the provisions for mixing the chemical purifying reagent with the water only after the water has been subjected to the heating action and mechanical agitation sufijcient to break up the bicarbonates in solution in the water and drive off the liberatcd 'as well as the initially free carbon oioxid, which with the air and other vapors contained in the water and any excess of steam supplied to the heater escapes through the vent pipes O. In practice we prefer to arrange the trays F so that the water spreads over these trays in thinner films and takes a longer time in passing over the trays than in the ordinary open feed water heaters heretofore in common use. In addition toagitating the water to free it from the free and half bound carbon dioxid we prefer also to agitate the water and supply heat to it after the chemical reagent for reacting with the non-carbonate impurities has been added to the water in order to thereby further the chemical reactions between this reagent and the impurities in the water, and this result is accomplished with all of the forms of apparatus disclosed.

\Vhile in accordance with the provisions of the statutes we have illustrated and described the best mode of utilizing our inyention now known to us, it will be apparent to those skilled in the artthat departures may be made from the modes described without departing from the spirit of ourv invention and that the invention may be carried out by means of apparatus other than that described herein.

Our present invention is independent in a general way of any particular form of apparatus for utilizing it and certain novel features of the apparatus disclosed herein are not our joint invention, but are described and claimed in applications Serial Numbers 527,205; 574,859 and 599,689, filed 10th November 1909, 1st August 1910 and 28 December 1910, respectively, by Joseph W. Gamble, one of the joint inventors herein named and in an application Serial No. 633,408 filed June 15, 1911 by George H. Gibson, another of the joint inventors herein named.

, Having now described our invention what we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is: i

The method of heatingand purifying water in an open feed water heater, which consists in so relatively supplying the water to be heated and steam for heating the water that the latter is heated and mechanically agitated to an extent suflicient to break up the bicarbonates in solution in the water and to drive off the free and liberated carbon dioxid and therafter admixing with the water a chemical reagent adapted to react with the non-carbonate impurities contained in the water and again agitating the water while supplying heat thereto to further the reaction between said reagent and the impurities cortained in the water under conditions permitting the free escape of gases liberated from the water.

WILLIAM T= ALLIGER. JOSEPH W. GAMBLE. GEO. H. GIBSON. Witnesses: ROBERT G. CLIFTON,

S. E. Soon. 

